Introduction: In India, only 56. 3% of children between one to two years of age have received full immunization. In some area, despite of good health care delivery system, immunization coverage is not reaching up to the mark due to some unaddressed issues. Therefore, identification of these determinants will help to improve the immunization status of each child. Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the field practice area of the Rural Health Training Centre (RHTC) affiliated to the medical college in Maharashtra, India. The sample of 350 participants was taken from 19 villages in the rural area and 17 administrative wards in the urban area by ‘ Probability Proportional to population Size’ method. All married women in 15-49 years of age, having child in the age group 13-24 months were included in the study. Results: 83. 71% children were fully immunized while remaining 16. 29% were either partially or unimmunized. The dropout rate for measles compared to BCG was 16. 3%. Main reasons for partial and un-immunization were lack of information and forgotten about the date. Occupation of mother, family type, parity, place of delivery and knowledge of immunization were significantly associated with immunization status of child. Conclusions: The determinants of immunization coverage if studied locally will help the programme managers to implement programme effectively to increase the overall coverage.

2The current research was conducted with the aim of compiling and validating the educational package of the 10th grade religion and life lesson based on Choice Theory. The research method for the stage of designing and compiling the educational package was descriptive-analytical method mixed . The main themes of the training package and the time required for training were taken from written sources such as the model of G schools and internal and external research projects. To validate the package, while using the face validity method, the content validity method was used in a qualitative and quantitative way. It was used with a panel of 14 experts. 14 experts were considered as the statistical population, 10 of them were in the field of psychology, two were in the field of curriculum planning, and two were in the field of education. In addition, two relative coefficients of content validity and content validity index were used. The minimum and maximum relative content validity coefficients for each item of the package were calculated as 1 and 0.71, and the content validity index in most sessions reached the number (0.85) for all goals in the educational protocol. The results revealed that the educational package of the Religion and Life lesson based on Choice Theory for 10th grade students have good formal and content validity and has the necessary validity for educational applications and research use.

Background & aim: Every day, at least 830 women die around the world as a result of complications related to pregnancy and childbirth, with the majority of the deaths occurring in the developing countries. Traditional practices throughout pregnancy and childbirth are one of the causative reasons for this maternal death. This study aimed to assess traditional practices that affect maternal health and its associated factors among women of childbearing age Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study design was conducted on 308 participants using systematic sampling method. The study was done from 17 May to 17 June 2018, at Aysaita primary hospital, Afar region, Northeast Ethiopia. The data was collected by a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were entered into SPSS version 20 for analysis. X2 test with a p-value of less than 0. 05 was used to declare the significance of the association with the independent and outcome variable. Results: The study findings showed that 101 women (32. 8%) practiced nutritional taboo during pregnancy. Also, 53(17. 2%) and 56(18. 2%) women practiced abdominal massage during pregnancy and delivery, respectively. Among included study participants, 54(17. 5%) washed their babies immediately after birth. There was an association between educational status (p=0. 041) and parity (p=0. 003) with nutritional taboo. Additionally, an association was seen between parity (p=<0. 001) and education (p=<0. 001) with abdominal massage and home delivery. Conclusion: Traditional practices in the study area were relatively high. Therefore, health education of the mother and promoting formal female education are crucial to the reduction or avoidance of these cultural malpractices.

Introduction: Recent medical and health advances have reduced mortality, consequently a relative increase in life expectancy and aging of population. One of the indices that properly indicate the status of elderly is the quality of life. Identifying the factors affecting the quality of life of the elderly in Zahedan, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 600 elderly people referring to the Zahedan health centers. Sampling method was two-stage clustering, the data were collected in the check list by using quality of life (QOL) questionnaire SF12 through interview and then were analyzed using independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression. Results: Of the 600 elderly men and women over 60 years, 472 subjects participated in the study, of whom 291 (61%) were male and 182 (39%) were female. The mean age of the study subjects was 66. 2(4. 04), and the mean overall quality of life scores in males and females were 28. 4(3. 7) and 29. 07(3. 7), respectively. The mean and standard deviation of physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores in males and females were 12. 3(2. 2) and 16. 6(2. 5), respectively. Age had inverse correlation with QOL and MS and had a direct and significant relationship with PCS. In multiple linear regression, significant relation was observed between chronic illness, hypertension, skeletal disease, diabetes, gastrointestinal disease, marital status, hookah using and smoking with PCS and also between marital status, hypertension and mental illness with MCS. Conclusion: What is obtained from this study and the other relevant studies indicate that QOL is a multifactorial phenomenon that is influenced by demographic, clinical and behavioral factors, but the role of chronic diseases is more obvious. Therefore, it seems necessary to adopt health policies to correct the lifestyle of society.

Introduction: The stage of community readiness to make changes or accept childhood obesity prevention programs has an essential role in the eventual success and sustainability of such programs. The current study aims to review the background of community readiness and investigate its importance in planning and implementing childhood obesity prevention programs. Materials and Methods: The literature search in this scoping review was conducted in English databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The keywords were “, communitybased study, " “, community readiness, " “, community preparedness, " “, community readiness model, " “, childhood obesity, ”,and “, prevention program. " Finally, 36 studies were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The community readiness model (CRM) is the most frequently used conceptual framework for assessing the community’, s readiness for a specific issue or problem. Studies have shown that cross-sectional community readiness assessment is a common tool in community-based childhood obesity prevention programs. It is also shown that findings on readiness in childhood obesity prevention interventions have been used with three main objectives including assessing intervention effectiveness, providing evidence-based planning services to adopt appropriate strategies and actions, and identifying community capacity and its changes. Conclusion: Assessing the stage of community readiness before developing lifestyle interventions, to prevent and control childhood obesity and conduct appropriate interventions for its improvement, is critical for the potential success and effectiveness of such interventions.

The ability of plant communities in natural ecosystems to modify temperature has become increasingly important due to the profound impacts of global climate change, particularly in arid regions. However, previous studies have provided limited information on the long-term temperature feedback of these plant communities and the biotic drivers behind these changes. This study aimed to determine the functional traits and types of plant communities as biotic drivers of land surface temperature (LST) at the plant community scale, with a focus on identifying co-functioning communities in the Sirjan region of Kerman Province. To achieve this, we utilized the MODIS-LST 8-day composite product at the plant community scale and measured functional traits of dominant species through field operations. The results revealed that leaf dry matter content (LDMC), maximum height (MH), and leaf width (LW) traits significantly reduce LST. Additionally, cluster analysis indicated that the plant communities in the study area can be classified into five functional groups, which fall into two co-function categories. The S-strategized co-function (e.g., 26 communities), characterized by high LDMC values and a combination of abrupt and trend feedback in LST, was found to be more effective than the R-strategized co-function (e.g., 13 communities), which exhibited only trend feedback. Therefore, it can be argued that extreme temperatures, as a global concern, can be mitigated through careful selection of vegetation based on functional traits and strategies. This approach, particularly through rangeland improvement practices using species such as Astragalus spachianus, Cornulaca monacantha, and Launaea acanthodes, could play a significant role in addressing this challenge.